Common yarrow
Scientific Name: Achillea millefolium L.
Family: Asteraceae
MORPHOLOGY
Growth habit and size: A perennial herbaceous plant, rhizomatous and slightly suffruticose, fairly hairy or downy, with an aromatic odor. It grown up to 30-60 (80) cm tall.
Stem: An erect, pubescent, and woolly stem, with longitudinal grooves, about 2 mm in diameter, branched at the top.
Leaves: The basal leaves are bipinnate with numerous linear segments (12-50) not arranged on the same plane. They have densely packed lobes more or less covered with simple, soft hairs of 1-3 mm on the lower surface. The leaf outline is lanceolate, measuring 1.5 – 3 x 10 – 20 cm. The middle leaves are smaller, subspatulate, and arranged at an acute angle to the stem (1 x 5 – 8 cm). The upper leaves, located at the inflorescence axils, are linear-lanceolate, mucronate and almost perpendicular to the stem.
Flowers: The inflorescence is a dense, flat-topped corymb, 2.5 – 3 x 4-5 cm. Numerous small flower heads composed of peripheral white or rarely pink ray florets with almost square ligules and three blunt teeth at the apex, and central tubular disk florets with 4-5 lobes and a white disk. The involucral scales are generally glabrous with a scarious-woolly or rust-brown margin. Blooms from April to November.
Fruits and seeds: The fruits are compressed achenes of two types: those from the peripheral flowers are oval-oblong, dark, and narrowly winged, while those from the central florets have a wider wing.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
It grows throughout Italy except for Sicily, from sea level up to 2,500 m. It is found in dry meadows, fallow lands, along the edges of paths, and hilly roads.
USE
This is the most representative plant of this genus, used systematically in folk medicine as a circulatory tonic, stomachic, antispasmodic, antihemorrhagic (for nosebleeds, bleeding hemorrhoids, inflamed bladder), digestive aid, and appetite stimulant.
In pharmacology, it has been found to contain active ingredients such as essential oil (comprising terpenic compounds like cineole, pinene, thujone, borneol, etc.), azulene, achilleine, and valerianic acid. In cosmetics, it is used in distilled water form, similar to chamomile due to its azulene content. Yarrow is also used to make excellent tonic and digestive liqueurs. The seeds are enclosed in a cotton bag and placed in wine barrels to improve wine preservation. Before taking any plant-based product (medicinal or non-medicinal) for therapeutic or similar purposes, it is always advisable to consult a doctor..
INTERESTING FACTS
All yarrows are aromatically bitter but not poisonous. Plants of this genus are also used to beautify gardens by forming borders and flower beds. In Ireland, the plant was used to ward off the evil eye, diseases, and for beauty care; a Gaelic chant goes: “I will pick the green yarrow so that my figure may always be fuller, my voice sweeter, my lips like the juice of the strawberry. I will wound every man, but no man shall wound me.” The chant summarizes the properties attributed to this plant.
Photo: Kindly provided by Claudio Farinati



















